Is It Normal to Raise Your Volume on Syllables Then Go Back Down Again

Combination of two adjacent vowel sounds

American English pronunciation of "no highway cowboys", showing five diphthongs:

A diphthong ( DIF-thong, DIP-;^[1] from Ancient Greek δίφθονγος (díphthongos) 'ii sounds', from δίς (dís) 'twice', and φθόνγος (phthóngos) 'sound'), besides known as a gliding vowel, is a combination of ii adjacent vowel sounds within the aforementioned syllable.^[two] Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two dissimilar targets: that is, the tongue (and/or other parts of the voice communication apparatus) moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. In virtually varieties of English, the phrase "no highway cowboy" () has v singled-out diphthongs, one in every syllable.

Diphthongs dissimilarity with monophthongs, where the tongue or other speech organs do not move and the syllable contains only a single vowel sound. For instance, in English, the give-and-take ah is spoken as a monophthong (), while the give-and-take ow is spoken as a diphthong in most varieties (). Where two next vowel sounds occur in dissimilar syllables (e.g. in the English language word re-elect) the result is described as hiatus, not as a diphthong. (The English word hiatus () is itself an case of both hiatus and diphthongs.)

Diphthongs often form when separate vowels are run together in rapid speech during a chat. Withal, at that place are also unitary diphthongs, as in the English examples above, which are heard by listeners as single-vowel sounds (phonemes).^[3]

Transcription [edit]

In the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), monophthongs are transcribed with ane symbol, as in English sun [sʌn], in which ⟨ʌ⟩ represents a monophthong. Diphthongs are transcribed with ii symbols, as in English language loftier [haɪ] or cow [kaʊ], in which ⟨aɪ⟩ and ⟨aʊ⟩ represent diphthongs.

Diphthongs may be transcribed with two vowel symbols or with a vowel symbol and a semivowel symbol. In the words above, the less prominent member of the diphthong tin can be represented with the symbols for the palatal approximant [j] and the labiovelar approximant [due west], with the symbols for the close vowels [i] and [u], or the symbols for the near-close vowels [ɪ] and [ʊ]:

vowel and semivowel	⟨haj kaw⟩	wide transcription
ii vowel symbols	⟨hai̯ kau̯⟩	wide transcription
ii vowel symbols	⟨haɪ̯ kaʊ̯⟩	narrow transcription

Some transcriptions are broader or narrower (less precise or more precise phonetically) than others. Transcribing the English diphthongs in loftier and moo-cow as ⟨aj aw⟩ or ⟨ai̯ au̯⟩ is a less precise or broader transcription, since these diphthongs commonly end in a vowel sound that is more than open than the semivowels [j w] or the shut vowels [i u]. Transcribing the diphthongs every bit ⟨aɪ̯ aʊ̯⟩ is a more precise or narrower transcription, since the English diphthongs usually end in the near-close vowels [ɪ ʊ].

The non-syllabic diacritic, the inverted breve beneath ⟨◌̯⟩,^[four] is placed nether the less prominent part of a diphthong to show that it is office of a diphthong rather than a vowel in a split syllable: [aɪ̯ aʊ̯]. When there is no contrastive vowel sequence in the linguistic communication, the diacritic may exist omitted. Other mutual indications that the ii sounds are not separate vowels are a superscript, ⟨aᶦ aᶷ⟩,^[5] or a necktie bar, ⟨a͡ɪ a͡ʊ⟩ or ⟨a͜ɪ a͜ʊ⟩.^[6] The tie bar can be useful when information technology is not clear which symbol represents the syllable nucleus, or when they have equal weight.^[7] Superscripts are specially used when an on- or off-glide is particularly fleeting.^[8]

The period ⟨.⟩ is the contrary of the non-syllabic diacritic: it represents a syllable break. If 2 vowels adjacent to each other vest to ii different syllables (hiatus), significant that they exercise not form a diphthong, they can exist transcribed with two vowel symbols with a period in betwixt. Thus, lower can be transcribed ⟨ˈloʊ.ər⟩, with a period separating the first syllable, , from the second syllable, .

The not-syllabic diacritic is used only when necessary. Information technology is typically omitted when there is no ambiguity, as in ⟨haɪ kaʊ⟩. No words in English language have the vowel sequences *[a.ɪ a.ʊ], so the non-syllabic diacritic is unnecessary.

Types [edit]

Falling and rising [edit]

Falling (or descending) diphthongs start with a vowel quality of college prominence (higher pitch or volume) and end in a semivowel with less prominence, similar [aɪ̯] in heart, while rising (or ascending) diphthongs begin with a less prominent semivowel and end with a more prominent full vowel, similar to the [ja] in yard. (Sometimes, however, the terms "falling" and "ascent" are used, instead, to refer to vowel summit, i.e. as synonyms of the terms "closing" and "opening".^[ix] See below.) The less prominent component in the diphthong may too be transcribed as an approximant, thus [aj] in center and [ja] in yard. However, when the diphthong is analysed as a unmarried phoneme, both elements are often transcribed with vowel symbols (/aɪ̯/, /ɪ̯a/). Semivowels and approximants are not equivalent in all treatments, and in the English language and Italian languages, among others, many phoneticians do not consider rising combinations to be diphthongs, only rather sequences of approximant and vowel. At that place are many languages (such as Romanaian) that contrast ane or more ascension diphthongs with similar sequences of a glide and a vowel in their phonetic inventory^[10] (come across semivowel for examples).

Closing, opening, and centering [edit]

In closing diphthongs, the 2nd element is more close than the first (e.g. [ai]); in opening diphthongs, the 2d chemical element is more open (e.thou. [ia]). Closing diphthongs tend to be falling ([ai̯]), and opening diphthongs are generally rising ([i̯a]),^[11] as open vowels are more sonorous and therefore tend to be more than prominent. Nonetheless, exceptions to this dominion are non rare in the world'due south languages. In Finnish, for instance, the opening diphthongs /ie̯/ and /uo̯/ are true falling diphthongs, since they begin louder and with higher pitch and fall in prominence during the diphthong.

A tertiary, rare type of diphthong that is neither opening nor closing is height-harmonic diphthongs, with both elements at the same vowel pinnacle.^[12] These may have occurred in Quondam English:

beorht [beo̯rxt] "bright"
ċeald [t͡ʃæɑ̯ld] "cold"

A centering diphthong is one that begins with a more peripheral vowel and ends with a more primal one, such as [ɪə̯], [ɛə̯], and [ʊə̯] in Received Pronunciation or [iə̯] and [uə̯] in Irish. Many centering diphthongs are besides opening diphthongs ([iə̯], [uə̯]).

Diphthongs may contrast in how far they open up or close. For example, Samoan contrasts low-to-mid with depression-to-loftier diphthongs:

'ai [ʔai̯] 'probably'
'ae [ʔae̯] 'only'
'auro [ʔau̯ɾo] 'gold'
ao [ao̯] 'a cloud'

Narrow and wide [edit]

Narrow diphthongs are the ones that terminate with a vowel which on a vowel chart is quite close to the one that begins the diphthong, for example Northern Dutch [eɪ], [øʏ] and [oʊ]. Wide diphthongs are the opposite - they require a greater tongue movement, and their offsets are further away from their starting points on the vowel chart. Examples of wide diphthongs are RP/GA English [aɪ] and [aʊ].

Length [edit]

Languages differ in the length of diphthongs, measured in terms of morae. In languages with phonemically short and long vowels, diphthongs typically behave like long vowels, and are pronounced with a similar length.^{[ citation needed ]} In languages with only one phonemic length for pure vowels, however, diphthongs may behave like pure vowels.^{[ commendation needed ]} For example, in Icelandic, both monophthongs and diphthongs are pronounced long earlier single consonants and short before most consonant clusters.

Some languages contrast short and long diphthongs. In some languages, such equally Old English, these behave like short and long vowels, occupying one and two morae, respectively. Languages that contrast 3 quantities in diphthongs are extremely rare, but not unheard of; Northern Sami is known to contrast long, brusque and "finally stressed" diphthongs, the last of which are distinguished by a long 2nd element.^{[ citation needed ]}

Phonology [edit]

In some languages, diphthongs are single phonemes, while in others they are analyzed as sequences of two vowels, or of a vowel and a semivowel.

Audio changes [edit]

Certain sound changes chronicle to diphthongs and monophthongs. Vowel breaking or diphthongization is a vowel shift in which a monophthong becomes a diphthong. Monophthongization or smoothing is a vowel shift in which a diphthong becomes a monophthong.

Departure from semivowels and vowel sequences [edit]

While there are a number of similarities, diphthongs are non the same phonologically as a combination of a vowel and an approximant or glide. Most importantly, diphthongs are fully contained in the syllable nucleus^[13] ^[14] while a semivowel or glide is restricted to the syllable boundaries (either the onset or the coda). This often manifests itself phonetically by a greater degree of constriction,^[15] simply the phonetic distinction is not always clear.^[16] The English word yes, for instance, consists of a palatal glide followed by a monophthong rather than a ascent diphthong. In addition, the segmental elements must be different in diphthongs [ii̯] and so when it occurs in a language, it does not contrast with [iː]. Notwithstanding, it is possible for languages to dissimilarity [ij] and [iː].^[17]

Diphthongs are also distinct from sequences of simple vowels. The Bunaq language of Timor, for example, distinguishes /sa͡i/ [saj] 'go out' from /sai/ [saʲi] 'be amused', /te͡i/ [tej] 'dance' from /tei/ [teʲi] 'stare at', and /po͡i/ [poj] 'choice' from /loi/ [loʷi] 'good'.^[18]

Examples [edit]

Germanic languages [edit]

English language [edit]

In words coming from Middle English, about cases of the Modern English diphthongs [aɪ̯, oʊ̯, eɪ̯, aʊ̯] originate from the Middle English long monophthongs [iː, ɔː, aː, uː] through the Slap-up Vowel Shift, although some cases of [oʊ̯, eɪ̯] originate from the Middle English language diphthongs [ɔu̯, aɪ̯].

Standard English diphthongs
	English diaphoneme	RP (British)	Australian	N American
	English diaphoneme	RP (British)	Australian	GenAm	Canadian
low	//oʊ//	[əʉ̯]	[ɜʉ̯~ɐʉ̯]	[o̞ʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯~o̞]	[oʊ̯]
loud	//aʊ//	[aʊ̯]	[æɔ̯]	[aʊ̯~æʊ̯]	[aʊ̯~æʊ̯] ^{[t2 i]}
lout	//aʊ//	[aʊ̯]	[æɔ̯]	[aʊ̯~æʊ̯]	[ʌʊ̯] ^{[t2 2]}
lied	//aɪ//	[ɑ̟ɪ̯]	[ɑ̟e̯~ɑe̯]	[äɪ̯]	[ɑɪ̯] ^{[t2 3]}
light	//aɪ//	[ɑ̟ɪ̯]	[ɑ̟e̯~ɑe̯]	[ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯] ^{[t2 ii]}
lay	//eɪ//	[ɛɪ̯]	[æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯]	[eɪ̯~east]	[eɪ̯]
50oin	//ɔɪ//	[oɪ̯]		[ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯]	[ɔɪ̯]
fiftyoon	/uː/ ^{[t2 4]}	[ʊ̈ʉ̯]		[u̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯~ɵu̯]	[ʉu̯]
leadue north	/iː/ ^{[t2 4]}	[ɪi̯]	[ɪi̯~əi̯]	[ɪi̯~i]	[ɪi̯]
50eer	//ɪər//	[ɪː~ɪə̯]	[ɪə̯~ɪː~iː~iə̯]	[ɪɹ~iɹ]	[ɪɹ]
50air	//ɛər//	[ɛː~ɛə̯]	[e̞ː~eː]	[ɛɹ]
lure	//ʊər//	[ɵː, oː]	[ʊ̈ʉ̯ə, oː]	[ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ]	[ʊɹ~ɔɹ]

^ In Pittsburgh English language, /aʊ̯/ is monophthongal [aː], leading to the stereotypical spelling "Dahntahn" for "downtown".
^ ^a ^b Canadian English and some dialects of northern American English exhibit allophony of /aʊ̯/ and /aɪ̯/ chosen Canadian raising – in some places they have become split up phonemes. GA and RP have raising to a bottom extent in /aɪ̯/.
^ In several American dialects such as Southern American English, /aɪ̯/ becomes monophthongal [aː] except before voiceless consonants.
^ ^a ^b The erstwhile monophthongs /iː/ and /uː/ are diphthongized in many dialects. In many cases they might be better transcribed equally [uu̯] and [ii̯], where the non-syllabic element is understood to be closer than the syllabic element. They are sometimes transcribed /uw/ and /ij/.

Dutch [edit]

Diphthongs of Dutch
	Netherlandic^[19]	Belgian^[20]
zeis, ijsouth	[ɛɪ̯]
ui	[œʏ̯]
zout, lauw	[aʊ̯]	[ɔʊ̯]
leeuw	[due east:ʊ̯]
nieuw	[iʊ̯]
duw	[yʊ̯]
dooi	[o:ɪ̯]
saai	[a:ɪ̯]
loei	[uɪ̯]
beet ^{[t1 1]}	[eɪ̯]	[eː]
neus ^{[t1 1]}	[øʏ̯]	[øː]
boot ^{[t1 1]}	[oʊ̯]	[oː]

^ ^a ^b ^c [eɪ̯], [øʏ̯], and [oʊ̯] are normally pronounced as closing diphthongs except when preceding [ɾ], in which example they are either centering diphthongs: [eə̯], [øə̯], and [oə̯] or are lengthened and monophthongized to [ɪː], [øː], and [ʊː]

The dialect of Hamont (in Limburg) has v centring diphthongs and contrasts long and short forms of [ɛɪ̯], [œʏ̯], [ɔʊ̯], and [ɑʊ̯].^[21]

German language [edit]

Standard High german [edit]

Phonemic diphthongs in German:

/aɪ̯/ as in Ei 'egg'
/aʊ̯/ as in Maus 'mouse'
/ɔʏ̯/ as in neu 'new'

In the varieties of High german that vocalize the /r/ in the syllable coda, other diphthongal combinations may occur. These are but phonetic diphthongs, non phonemic diphthongs, since the vocalic pronunciation [ɐ̯] alternates with consonantal pronunciations of /r/ if a vowel follows, cf. du hörst [duː ˈhøːɐ̯st] 'you hear' – ich höre [ʔɪç ˈhøːʀə] 'I hear'. These phonetic diphthongs may exist as follows:

German diphthongs ending in [ɐ̯] (part one), from Kohler (1999:88)

German diphthongs ending in [ɐ̯] (part 2), from Kohler (1999:88)

Diphthong		Example
Phonemically	Phonetically	IPA	Orthography	Translation
/iːr/	[iːɐ̯] ¹	[viːɐ̯]	wir	nosotros
/yːr/	[yːɐ̯] ^one	[fyːɐ̯]	für	for
/uːr/	[uːɐ̯] ¹	[ˈʔuːɐ̯laʊ̯pʰ]	Urlaub	holiday
/ɪr/	[ɪɐ̯]	[vɪɐ̯tʰ]	wird	he/she/it becomes
/ʏr/	[ʏɐ̯]	[ˈvʏɐ̯də]	Würde	dignity
/ʊr/	[ʊɐ̯]	[ˈvʊɐ̯də]	wurde	I/he/she/it became
/eːr/	[eːɐ̯] ¹	[meːɐ̯]	mehr	more
/øːr/	[øːɐ̯] ¹	[høːɐ̯]	hör!	(yous) hear!
/oːr/	[oːɐ̯] ¹	[tʰoːɐ̯]	Tor	gate/goal (in football)
/ɛːr/	[ɛːɐ̯] ¹	[bɛːɐ̯]	Bär	deport
/ɛr/	[ɛɐ̯]	[ʔɛɐ̯ftʰ]	Erft	Erft
/œr/	[œɐ̯]	[dœɐ̯tʰ]	dörrt	he/she/it dries
/ɔr/	[ɔɐ̯]	[ˈnɔɐ̯dn̩]	Norden	north
/aːr/	[aːɐ̯] ¹	[vaːɐ̯]	wahr	true
/ar/	[aɐ̯]	[haɐ̯tʰ]	hart	difficult

^1 Wiese (1996) notes that the length contrast is not very stable before non-prevocalic /r/ ^[22] and that "Meinhold & Stock (1980:180), following the pronouncing dictionaries (Mangold (1990), Krech & Stötzer (1982)) gauge the vowel in Art, Schwert, Fahrt to be long, while the vowel in Ort, Furcht, hart is supposed to be short. The factual basis of this presumed distinction seems very questionable."^[22] ^[23] He goes on stating that in his own dialect, at that place is no length difference in these words, and that judgements on vowel length in forepart of non-prevocalic /r/ which is itself vocalized are problematic, in item if /a/ precedes.^[22]

According to the 'lengthless' analysis, the aforementioned 'long' diphthongs are analyzed as [iɐ̯], [yɐ̯], [uɐ̯], [eɐ̯], [øɐ̯], [oɐ̯], [ɛɐ̯] and [aɐ̯]. This makes non-prevocalic /aːr/ and /ar/ homophonous equally [aɐ̯] or [aː]. Not-prevocalic /ɛːr/ and /ɛr/ may as well merge, merely the vowel chart in Kohler (1999:88) shows that they take somewhat different starting points.

Wiese (1996) also states that "laxing of the vowel is predicted to accept identify in shortened vowels; it does indeed seem to go hand in hand with the vowel shortening in many cases."^[22]

Bernese German [edit]

The diphthongs of some German dialects differ from standard High german diphthongs. The Bernese High german diphthongs, for instance, correspond rather to the Center High German diphthongs than to standard German diphthongs:

/iə̯/ as in lieb 'dear'
/uə̯/ as in guet 'good'
/yə̯/ as in müed 'tired'
/ei̯/ equally in Bei 'leg'
/ou̯/ as in Boum 'tree'
/øi̯/ as in Böim 'trees'

Apart from these phonemic diphthongs, Bernese German has numerous phonetic diphthongs due to L-vocalization in the syllable coda, for case the following ones:

[au̯] as in Stau 'stable'
[aːu̯] every bit in Staau 'steel'
[æu̯] as in Wäut 'globe'
[æːu̯] as in wääut 'elects'
[ʊu̯] as in tschúud 'guilty'

Yiddish [edit]

Yiddish has three diphthongs:^[24]

[ɛɪ̯] equally in [plɛɪ̯tə] פּליטה ('refugee' f.)
[aɛ̯] every bit in [naɛ̯n] נײַן ('ix')
[ɔə̯] equally in [ɔə̯fn̩] אופֿן ('way')

Diphthongs may reach a higher target position (towards /i/) in situations of coarticulatory phenomena or when words with such vowels are being emphasized.

Norwegian [edit]

In that location are five diphthongs in the Oslo dialect of Norwegian, all of them falling:

[æɪ] as in nei, "no"
[œʷʏʷ] as in øy, "island"
[æʉ͍] as in sau, "sheep"
[ɑɪ] as in hai, "shark"
[ɔʷʏʷ] every bit in joik, "Sami vocal"

An boosted diphthong, [ʉ͍ɪ], occurs only in the word hui in the expression i hui og hast "in dandy haste". The number and class of diphthongs vary betwixt dialects.

Faroese [edit]

Diphthongs in Faroese are:

/ai/ as in bein (can likewise be brusque)
/au/ as in havn
/ɛa/ as in har, mær
/ɛi/ equally in hey
/ɛu/ equally in nevnd
/œu/ as in nøvn
/ʉu/ equally in hús
/ʊi/ equally in mín, bý, ið (tin also be curt)
/ɔa/ equally in ráð
/ɔi/ every bit in hoyra (tin can also be short)
/ɔu/ as in sól, ovn

Icelandic [edit]

Diphthongs in Icelandic are the following:

/au̯/ as in átta, "eight"
/ou̯/ as in nóg, "enough"
/øi̯/ as in auga, "eye"
/ai̯/ every bit in kær, "dear"
/ei̯/ as in þeir, "they"
/ɔi/ as in koja, "bunk bed", "berth" (rare, only in scattering of words)

Combinations of semivowel /j/ and a vowel are the following:

/jɛ/ as in éta, "eat"
/ja/ every bit in jata, "manger"
/jau̯/ as in já, "aye"
/jo/ as in joð, "iodine", "jay", "yod" (only in a scattering of words of strange origin)
/jou̯/ as in jól, "Christmas"
/jœ/ as in jötunn, "giant"
/jai̯/ as in jæja, "oh well"
/ju/ every bit in jú, "yes"

Romance languages [edit]

French [edit]

In French, /wa/, /wɛ̃/, /ɥi/ and /ɥɛ̃/ may be considered truthful diphthongs (that is, fully independent in the syllable nucleus: [u̯a], [u̯ɛ̃], [y̯i], [y̯ɛ̃]). Other sequences are considered office of a glide formation procedure that turns a high vowel into a semivowel (and part of the syllable onset) when followed by another vowel.^[25]

Diphthongs

/wa/ [u̯a] as in roi "king"
/wɛ̃/ [u̯ɛ̃] as in groin "cage"
/ɥi/ [y̯i] as in huit "eight"
/ɥɛ̃/ [y̯ɛ̃] as in juin "June"

Semivowels

/wi/ as in oui "yeah"
/jɛ̃/ as in lien "bond"
/jɛ/ as in Ariège
/aj/ as in travail "piece of work"
/ɛj/ as in Marseille
/ij/ as in bille "ball"
/œj/ every bit in feuille "foliage"
/uj/ as in grenouille "frog"
/jø/ as in vieux "old"

Quebec French [edit]

In Quebec French, long vowels are by and large diphthongized in breezy spoken communication when stressed.

[ɑɔ̯] as in tard "belatedly"
[aɛ̯] as in père "father"
[aœ̯] as in fleur "flower"
[ou̯] as in autre "other"
[øy̯] as in neutre "neutral"
[ãʊ̯̃] every bit in banque "depository financial institution"
[ẽɪ̯̃] as in mince "sparse"
[ɒ̃ʊ̯̃] every bit in bon "well"
[œ̃ʏ̯̃] as in un "one"

Catalan [edit]

Catalan possesses a number of phonetic diphthongs, all of which begin (ascent diphthongs) or stop (falling diphthongs) in [j] or [w].^[26]

Catalan diphthongs
falling
[aj]	aigua	'water'	[aw]	taula	'table'
[əj]	yardaicypher	'children'	[əw]	caurem	'we will fall'
[ɛj]	remei	'remedy'	[ɛw]	peu	'foot'
[ej]	rei	'king'	[ew]	southeu	'his/her'
			[iw]	niu	'nest'
[ɔj]	due northoi	'boy'	[ɔw]	nou	'new'
			[ow]	jou	'yoke'
[uj]	avui	'today'	[uw]	duu	'he/she is conveying'
ascent
[ja]	iaia	'grandma'	[wa]	quatre	'four'
[jɛ]	veie1000	'we encounter'	[wɛ]	seqüència	'sequence'
[je]	seient	'seat'	[we]	ungüent	'ointment'
[jə]	feia	'he/she was doing'	[wə]	qüestió	'question'
			[wi]	pingüí	'penguin'
[jɔ]	iode	'iodine'	[wɔ]	quota	'payment'
[ju]	iogurt	'yoghurt'

In standard Eastern Catalan, ascent diphthongs (that is, those starting with [j] or [w]) are possible just in the following contexts:^[27]

[j] in word initial position, e.1000. iogurt.
Both occur between vowels as in ironia and veiem.
In the sequences [ɡw] or [kw] and vowel, e.g. thousanduant, quota, qüestió, pingüí (these infrequent cases fifty-fifty pb some scholars^[28] to hypothesize the existence of rare labiovelar phonemes /ɡʷ/ and /kʷ/).^[29]

At that place are also certain instances of compensatory diphthongization in the Majorcan dialect so that /ˈtroncs/ ('logs') (in addition to deleting the palatal plosive) develops a compensating palatal glide and surfaces as [ˈtrojns] (and contrasts with the unpluralized [ˈtronʲc]). Diphthongization compensates for the loss of the palatal cease (part of Catalan'south segment loss compensation). There are other cases where diphthongization compensates for the loss of point of articulation features (belongings loss bounty) every bit in [ˈaɲ] ('year') vs [ˈajns] ('years').^[30] The dialectal distribution of this compensatory diphthongization is nearly entirely dependent on the dorsal plosive (whether it is velar or palatal) and the extent of consonant assimilation (whether or non information technology is extended to palatals).^[31]

Portuguese [edit]

The Portuguese diphthongs are formed by the labio-velar approximant [west] and palatal approximant [j] with a vowel,^[32] European Portuguese has xiv phonemic diphthongs (x oral and 4 nasal),^[33] all of which are falling diphthongs formed by a vowel and a nonsyllabic high vowel. Brazilian Portuguese has roughly the same amount, although the European and non-European dialects have slightly different pronunciations ([ɐj] is a distinctive feature of some southern and primal Portuguese dialects, especially that of Lisbon). A [due west] onglide after /yard/ or /ɡ/ and before all vowels as in quando [ˈkwɐ̃du] ('when') or guarda [ˈɡwaɾðɐ ~ ˈɡwaʁdɐ] ('baby-sit') may also grade rising diphthongs and triphthongs. Additionally, in casual speech, side by side heterosyllabic vowels may combine into diphthongs and triphthongs or even sequences of them.^[34]

Falling diphthongs of Portuguese
oral
	EP^[33]	BP		EP	BP
sai	[aj]		mau	[aw]
sei	[ɐj]/[ej]	[ej]	meu	[ew]
anéis	[ɛj]		véu	[ɛw]
			viu	[iw]
mói	[ɔj]
moita	[oj]		dou	[ow]
fui	[uj]
nasal
mãe	[ɐ̃j]	[ɐ̃j]	mão	[ɐ̃w]
cem	[ɐ̃j]	[ẽj]
anões	[õj]
muita	[ũj]

In addition, phonetic diphthongs are formed in most Brazilian Portuguese dialects by the vocalisation of /l/ in the syllable coda with words similar sol [sɔw] ('sunday') and sul [suw] ('south') besides as by yodization of vowels preceding /s/ or its allophone at syllable coda [ʃ ~ ɕ] in terms similar arroz [aˈʁojs ~ ɐˈʁo(j)ɕ] ('rice'),^[34] and /z/ (or [ʒ ~ ʑ]) in terms such as paz mundial [ˈpajz mũdʒiˈaw ~ ˈpa(j)ʑ mũdʑiˈaw] ('world peace') and dez anos [ˌdɛjˈz‿ɐ̃nu(j)due south ~ ˌdɛjˈz‿ɐ̃nuɕ] ('ten years').

Spanish [edit]

Phonetically, Spanish has seven falling diphthongs and eight rising diphthongs. In addition, during fast spoken communication, sequences of vowels in hiatus become diphthongs wherein 1 becomes not-syllabic (unless they are the same vowel, in which case they fuse together) equally in poeta [ˈpo̯eta] ('poet') and maestro [ˈmae̯stɾo] ('teacher'). The Castilian diphthongs are:^[35] ^[36]

Castilian diphthongs
falling
[ai̯]	aire	'air'	[au̯]	pausa	'pause'
[ei̯]	rey	'king'	[eu̯]	neutro	'neutral'
[oi̯]	hoy	'today'	[ou̯]	bou	'seine line-fishing'
[ui̯]	muy	'very'
rising
[ja]	hacia	'towards'	[wa]	cuadro	'picture'
[je]	tierra	'globe'	[we]	fuego	'burn'
			[wi]	fuimos	'we went'
[jo]	radio	'radio'	[wo]	cuota	'quota'
[ju]	viuda	'widow'

Italian [edit]

The beingness of true diphthongs in Italian is debated; notwithstanding, a list is:^[37]

Italian diphthongs
falling
[ai̯]	baita	'mountain hut'	[au̯]	automobile	'car'
[ei̯]	potei	'I could' (past tense)	[eu̯]	pleurite	'pleurisy'
[ɛi̯]	sei	'six'	[ɛu̯]	neutro	'neuter'
[ɔi̯]	poi	'later'
[oi̯]	voi	'y'all' (pl.)
[ui̯]	lui	'he'
ascent
[ja]	chiave	'key'	[wa]	guado	'ford'
[jɛ]	pieno	'full'	[wɛ]	quercia	'oak'
[je]	soffietto	'bellows'	[we]	quello	'that'
			[wi]	guida	'guide'
[jɔ]	chiodo	'nail'	[wɔ]	quota	'quota'
[jo]	fiore	'flower'	[wo]	acquoso	'watery'
[ju]	piuma	'feather'

The 2nd tabular array includes just 'false' diphthongs, equanimous of a semivowel + a vowel, not ii vowels. The situation is more than nuanced in the first tabular array: a word such as 'baita' is actually pronounced ['baj.ta] and virtually speakers would syllabify information technology that way. A word such as 'voi' would instead be pronounced and syllabified as ['vo.i], however once more without a diphthong.

In general, unstressed /i due east o u/ in hiatus can plow into glides in more rapid speech (e.g. biennale [bi̯enˈnaːle] 'biennial'; coalizione [ko̯alitˈtsi̯oːne] 'coalition') with the process occurring more readily in syllables further from stress.^[38]

Romanian [edit]

Romanian has ii true diphthongs: /e̯a/ and /o̯a/. There are, all the same, a host of other vowel combinations (more than any other major Romance language) which are classified equally vowel glides. As a result of their origin (diphthongization of mid vowels under stress), the two truthful diphthongs appear simply in stressed syllables^[39] and brand morphological alternations with the mid vowels /east/ and /o/. To native speakers, they sound very similar to /ja/ and /wa/ respectively.^[twoscore] At that place are no perfect minimal pairs to contrast /o̯a/ and /wa/,^[10] and because /o̯a/ doesn't appear in the final syllable of a prosodic word, at that place are no monosyllabic words with /o̯a/; exceptions might include voal ('veil') and trotuar ('sidewalk'), though Ioana Chițoran argues^[41] that these are all-time treated as containing glide-vowel sequences rather than diphthongs. In addition to these, the semivowels /j/ and /w/ tin be combined (either before, after, or both) with most vowels, while this arguably^[42] forms boosted diphthongs and triphthongs, merely /e̯a/ and /o̯a/ can follow an obstruent-liquid cluster such as in broască ('frog') and dreagă ('to mend'),^[43] implying that /j/ and /west/ are restricted to the syllable boundary and therefore, strictly speaking, practice not class diphthongs.

Celtic languages [edit]

Irish [edit]

All Irish diphthongs are falling.

[əi̯], spelled aigh, aidh, agh, adh, eagh, eadh, eigh, or eidh
[əu̯], spelled abh, amh, eabh, or eamh
[iə̯], spelled ia, iai
[uə̯], spelled ua, uai

Scottish Gaelic [edit]

At that place are nine diphthongs in Scottish Gaelic. Group 1 occur anywhere (eu is usually [eː] before -one thousand, e.g. Seumas). Group two are reflexes that occur before -ll, -m, -nn, -bh, -dh, -gh and -mh.

		Spellings	Examples
one	[iə]	ia	iarr "inquire"
	[uə]	ua	fuar "common cold"
	[ia]	european union	beul "mouth"
ii	[ai]	ai	saill "grease", cainnt "speech", aimhreit "anarchism"
	[ei]	ei	seinn "sing"
	[ɤi]	oi, ei, ai	loinn "badge", greim "seize with teeth", saighdear "soldier"
	[ɯi]	ui, aoi	druim "back", aoibhneas "joy"
	[au]	a, ea	cam "crooked", ceann "head"
	[ɔu]	o	tom "mound", donn "brown"

For more than detailed explanations of Gaelic diphthongs see Scottish Gaelic orthography.

Cornish [edit]

The following diphthongs are used in the Standard Written Class of Cornish. Each diphthong is given with its Revived Center Cornish (RMC) and Revived Tardily Cornish (RLC) pronunciation.

Graph	RMC	RLC	Example
aw	[aʊ]	[æʊ]	glaw "rain"
ay	[aɪ]	[əɪ]	bay "buss"
ew	[ɛʊ]		blew "hair"
ey	[ɛɪ]	[əɪ]	bleydh "wolf"
iw	[iʊ]	[ɪʊ]	liw "colour"
ow	[ɔʊ]		lowen "happy"
oy	[ɔɪ]		moy "more"
uw	[yʊ]	[ɪʊ]	duw "god"
yw	[ɪʊ]	[ɛʊ]	byw "alive"

Welsh [edit]

Welsh is traditionally divided into Northern and Southern dialects. In the northward, some diphthongs may exist curt or long according to regular vowel length rules but in the southward they are always brusk (come across Welsh phonology). Southern dialects tend to simplify diphthongs in spoken communication (e.g. gwaith /ɡwaiθ/ is reduced to /ɡwaːθ/).

Grapheme	Due north	Southward	Example
ae	/ɑːɨ/	/ai/	maen 'stone'
ai	/ai/		gwaith 'work'
au†	/aɨ/		haul 'sun'
aw	/au, ɑːu/	/au/	mawr 'big'
ei	/əi/	/əi/	gweithio 'to piece of work'
european union	/əɨ/		treulio 'spend'
ey	/əɨ/		teyrn 'tyrant'
ew	/ɛu, eːu/	/ɛu/	tew 'fat'
oe	/ɔɨ, ɔːɨ/	/ɔi/	moel 'bald'
ou	/ɔɨ, ɔːɨ/		cyffrous 'excited'
oi	/ɔi/		troi 'plow'
ow	/ɔu, oːu/	/ɔu/	chocolate-brown 'brown'
wy	/ʊɨ, uːɨ/	/ʊi/	pwyll 'sense'
iw	/ɪu/	/ɪu/	lliw 'color'
uw	/ɨu/		duw 'god'
yw	/ɨu/		llyw 'rudder'
yw	/əu/	/əu/	tywydd 'weather'

† The plural ending -au is reduced to /a/ in the n and /e/ in the s, e.g. cadau 'battles' is /ˈkada/ (north) or /ˈkade/ (south).

Slavic languages [edit]

Czech [edit]

At that place are three diphthongs in Czech:

/aʊ̯/ equally in auto (almost exclusively in words of strange origin)
/eʊ̯/ as in euro (in words of foreign origin only)
/oʊ̯/ as in koule

The vowel groups ia, ie, ii, io, and iu in foreign words are non regarded as diphthongs, they are pronounced with /j/ between the vowels [ɪja, ɪjɛ, ɪjɪ, ɪjo, ɪju].

Serbo-Croation [edit]

i(j)e , every bit in mlijeko ^[44]

is conventionally considered a diphthong. Still, it is actually [ie] in hiatus or separated by a semivowel, [ije].

Some Serbo-Croatian dialects also take uo, equally in kuonj, ruod, uon ^[45] whereas, in Standard Croatian and Serbian, these words are konj, rod, on.

Finno-Ugric languages [edit]

Estonian [edit]

All 9 vowels can announced as the outset component of an Estonian diphthong, only only [ɑ e i o u] occur as the second component.

Mutual Estonian diphthongs
		[ɑe]	aed "fence, garden"	[ɑi]	lai "wide"	[ɑo]	kaotama "to lose"	[ɑu]	laud "table"
[eɑ]	teadma "to know"			[ei]	leib "breadstuff"	[eo]	teostus "accomplishment"	[iu]	kiuste "in spite of"
[oɑ]	toa "room" (due south. possessive)	[oe]	koer "canis familiaris"	[oi]	toit "food"
				[ui]	kui "when, if"
[ɤɑ]	lõa "tether" (s. possessive)	[ɤe]	nõel "needle"	[ɤi]	õige "right, correct"	[ɤo]	tõotus "promise"	[ɤu]	lõug "mentum"
		[æe]	päev "twenty-four hour period"	[æi]	täis "total"	[æo]	näo "face" (s. possessive)	[æu]	näuguma "to meow"
		[øe]	söed "coals"	[øi]	köis "rope"

There are additional diphthongs less normally used, such as [european union] in Euroopa (Europe), [øɑ] in söandama (to dare), and [æu] in näuguma (to mew).

Finnish [edit]

All Finnish diphthongs are falling. Notably, Finnish has true opening diphthongs (e.g. /uo/), which are non very common crosslinguistically compared to centering diphthongs (e.g. /uə/ in English). Vowel combinations across syllables may in practise be pronounced as diphthongs, when an intervening consonant has elided, as in näön [næøn] instead of [næ.øn] for the genitive of näkö ('sight').

closing

[ɑi̯] as in laiva (ship)
[ei̯] as in keinu (swing)
[oi̯] as in poika (male child)
[æi̯] as in äiti (mother)
[øi̯] as in öisin (at nights)
[ɑu̯] as in lauha (balmy)
[eu̯] equally in leuto (balmy)
[ou̯] every bit in koulu (school)
[ey̯] as in leyhyä (to waft)
[æy̯] as in täysi (total)
[øy̯] as in löytää (to find)

close

[ui̯] every bit in uida (to swim)
[yi̯] as in lyijy (lead)
[iu̯] equally in viulu (violin)
[iy̯] as in siistiytyä (to smarten upwards)

opening

[ie̯] every bit in kieli (tongue)
[uo̯] as in suo (bog)
[yø̯] as in yö (night)

Northern Sami [edit]

The diphthong organization in Northern Sami varies considerably from 1 dialect to another. The Western Finnmark dialects distinguish 4 different qualities of opening diphthongs:

/eæ/ every bit in leat "to be"
/ie/ every bit in giella "language"
/oa/ as in boahtit "to come"
/uo/ every bit in vuodjat "to swim"

In terms of quantity, Northern Sami shows a 3-way contrast between long, short and finally stressed diphthongs. The final are distinguished from long and brusk diphthongs by a markedly long and stressed second component. Diphthong quantity is not indicated in spelling.

Semitic languages [edit]

Maltese [edit]

Maltese has vii falling diphthongs, though they may be considered VC sequences phonemically.^[46]

[ɛɪ̯] ej or għi
[ɐɪ̯] aj or għi
[ɔɪ̯] oj
[ɪʊ̯] iw
[ɛʊ̯] ew
[ɐʊ̯] aw or għu
[ɔʊ̯] ow or għu

Sino-Tibetan languages [edit]

Mandarin Chinese [edit]

Rising sequences in Standard mandarin are usually regarded equally a combination of a medial semivowel ([j], [west], or [ɥ]) plus a vowel, while falling sequences are regarded as one diphthong.

ai: [ai̯], as in ài (愛, love)
ei: [ei̯], as in lèi (累, tired)
ao: [ɑʊ̯], as in dào (道, way)
ou: [oʊ̯], as in dòu (豆, bean)

Cantonese [edit]

Cantonese has eleven diphthongs.

aai: [aːi̯], as in gaai1 (街, street)
aau: [aːu̯], as in baau3 (爆, explode)
ai: [ɐi̯], equally in gai1 (雞, chicken)
au: [ɐu̯], as in au1 (勾, hook)
ei: [ei̯], as in gei1 (機, motorcar)
eu: [ɛːu̯], equally in deu6 (掉, throw)
iu: [iːu̯], as in giu3 (叫, phone call)
oi: [ɔːy̯], as in oi3 (愛, love)
ou: [ou̯], as in gou1 (高, loftier)
ui: [uːy̯], as in pui4 (陪, accompany)
eui: [ɵy̯], as in zeoi3 (醉, boozer)

Tai–Kadai languages [edit]

Thai [edit]

In improver to vowel nuclei following or preceding /j/ and /w/, Thai has three diphthongs which be as long-short pairs:^[47]

เอีย ia [iːa̯, ia̯]
เอือ üa [ɯːa̯, ɯa̯]
อัว ua [uːa̯, ua̯]

Monday-Khmer languages [edit]

Vietnamese [edit]

In addition to vowel nuclei post-obit or preceding /j/ and /w/, Vietnamese has three diphthongs:

[iə̯] ia~iê
[ɨə̯] ưa~ươ
[uə̯] ua~uô

Khmer [edit]

Central khmer linguistic communication has rich vocalics with an extra distinction of long and short annals to the vowels and diphthongs.

[iə̯]
[ei̯]
[ɐe̯]
[ɨə̯]
[əɨ̯]
[ɐə̯]
[ao̯]
[uə̯]
[ou̯]
[ɔə̯]
[eə̯̆]
[uə̯̆]
[oə̯̆]

Bantu languages [edit]

Zulu [edit]

Zulu has just monophthongs. Y and w are semi-vowels:

[ja] as in [ŋijaɠuˈɓɛːɠa] ngiyakubeka (I am placing it)
[wa] every bit in [ŋiːwa] ngiwa (I fall/I am falling)

Austronesian languages [edit]

Indonesian [edit]

Indonesian has four native diphthongs which may be located at the get-go, middle or end of a give-and-take.^[48] They are:

/ai̯/: balairung ('hall') , kedai ('shop'), pandai ('clever')
/au̯/: autodidak ('autodidact'), Taufik (Indonesian given proper name), kerbau ('buffalo'), limau ('lemon')
/oi̯/ (or /ʊi̯/ in Indonesian): boikot ('boycott') , amboi (an expression when amazed)
/ei̯/: eigendom ('property') , survei ('survey')

References [edit]

^ "diphthong". Lexico United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland English language Dictionary. Oxford University Press. north.d.
^ "diphthong". Merriam-Webster Lexicon.
^ "Definition of 'Diphthong'". SIL International. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
^ FileFormat.Info, page on combining inverted breve below
^ Used e.g. by Donaldson, Bruce C. (1993), "1. Pronunciation", A Grammar of Afrikaans, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 8–9, ISBN9783110134261 The author states that the Afrikaans diphthongs /eə øə oə/ can be transcribed /eᵊ øᵊ oᵊ/.
^ Used e.1000. past Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch (sixth ed.), Duden, pp. 36–37, ISBN978-3411040667 . The author transcribes the diphthongs ⟨ai au european union⟩ as [a͜i a͜u ɔ͜y]. However, on page 36, he admits that phonetically, [aɪ̯ aʊ̯ ɔʏ̯] are more precise symbols.
^ Battisti (2000) Fonetica generale, p 224
^ E.1000. Allen & Hawkins (1978) Development of Phonological Rhythm contranst ⟨aɪ⟩ from ⟨a͜ɪ⟩ from ⟨aᶦ⟩
^ Bussmann, Hadumod. 2006. Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics. Translated and edited by Gregory Trauth and Kerstin Kassazi. Entry 'Diphthong'. Routledge. P. 316.
^ ^a ^b Chițoran (2002a:203)
^ Crystal, David (2008). Lexicon of Linguistics and Phonetics. Wiley. pp. diphthong.
^ Richard M. Hogg, Norman Blake, R. W. Burchfield, The Cambridge History of the English Language, CUP 1992, p. 49.
^ Kaye & Lowenstamm (1984:139)
^ Schane (1995:588)
^ Padgett (2007:1938)
^ Schane (1995:606)
^ Schane (1995:589, 606)
^ Antoinette Schapper (2017), The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar, vol. 2, p. xx.
^ Gussenhoven (1992:46)
^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
^ Verhoeven (2007:221)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wiese (1996:198)
^ As well supported by Tröster-Mutz (2011:20).
^ Kleine (2003:263)
^ Chitoran (2001:11) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFChitoran2001 (assist)
^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
^ Institut d'Estudis Catalans Archived xxx September 2010 at the Wayback Motorcar Els diftongs, els triftongs i els hiats – Gramàtica de la Llengua Catalana (provisional draft)
^ due east.thousand. Lleó (1970) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLleó1970 (help), Wheeler (1979) harvcoltxt mistake: no target: CITEREFWheeler1979 (help)
^ Wheeler (2005:101) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFWheeler2005 (help)
^ Mascaró (2002:580–581) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMascaró2002 (help)
^ Mascaró (2002:581) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFMascaró2002 (help)
^ Faria (2003:7)
^ ^a ^b Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
^ ^a ^b Barbosa & Albano (2004:230) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFBarbosaAlbano2004 (help)
^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
^ Azevedo, Milton Thousand. (2004). Introducción a la lingüística española (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN0-13-110959-6.
^ Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005:138)
^ Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005:139)
^ Chițoran (2002a:204)
^ Chițoran (2002a:206)
^ Chițoran (2002b:217)
^ See Chițoran (2001:8–9) for a brief overview of the views regarding Romanian semivowels
^ Chițoran (2002b:213)
^ (in Croation) Vjesnik Archived 21 November 2000 at archive.today Babić ne zagovara korijenski pravopis, nego traži da Hrvati ne piju mlijeko nego – mlieko
^ Josip Lisac. "Štokavsko narječje: prostiranje i osnovne značajke". Kolo (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 17 Feb 2008.
^ Borg & Azzopardi-Alexander (1997:299)
^ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:25)
^ Minister of Education and Culture Prescript No: 50/2015, Jakarta, 2015.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthong